PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The rolling stock might function at an optimum level in reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety with comprehensive maintenance. The past decade has seen rapid development in the management of maintenance costs in many sectors such as the automotive and aviation industry. However, there is a lack in a number of studies focusing on rolling stock maintenance costs. This article provides comprehensive knowledge on the rolling stock maintenance cost. Recently, the research found no specific literature reviews that focus on typical rolling stock maintenance costs. This paper attempts to review, identify and discuss the influential costs involved in rolling stock maintenance. This research systematically reviews and classifies a substantial number of published papers and suggests a classification of specific cost categories according to rolling stock needs. The results revealed that 27 variables have contributed to the rolling stock maintenance costs. The highest among the influential costs are 13.8% spare part cost, 11% life cycle cost, 6.4% preventive maintenance cost, and 4.6% for the workforce, corrective maintenance, and cost of ownership, respectively. The interrelationship between influential costs and their effects on rolling stock costs is further discussed. More importantly, the paper is intended to provide a comprehensive view of influential costs affecting rolling stock maintenance and give useful references for personnel working in the industry as well as researchers. This research has highlighted the possibility of future major studies to minimize the identified maintenance cost and industry to optimize its operational cost.

• Abramov, A. D., Bannikov, D., Sirina, N., Manakov, A. L., Klimov, A. A., Khabarov, V. I., & Medvedev, V. I. (2018). Model of passenger rolling stock maintenance. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 216, p. 02018). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821602018

• Alfieri, A., Groot, R., Kroon, L., & Schrijver, A. (2006). Efficient circulation of railway rolling stock. Transportation Science, 40(3), 378-391. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.1060.0155

• Andrés, J., Cadarso, L., & Marín, Á. (2015). Maintenance scheduling in rolling stock circulations in rapid transit networks. Transportation Research Procedia, 10, 524-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2015.09.006

• Anupriya, Graham, D. J., Carbo, J. M., Anderson, R. J., & Bansal, P. (2020). Understanding the costs of urban rail transport operations. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 138, 292-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2020.05.019

• Arup. (2011). Rail value for money study: Rolling stock whole life costs. Railways Archive. https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docsummary.php?docID=4211

• Asekun, O. O. (2014). A decision support model to improve rolling stock maintenance scheduling based on reliability and cost (Doctoral dissertation). Stellenbosch University, South Africa.

• Avenali, A., Boitani, A., Catalano, G., Matteucci, G., & Monticini, A. (2019). Standard costs of regional public rail passenger transport: Evidence from Italy. Applied Economics, 52(15), 1704-1717. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1677852

• Baumgartner, J. (2001). Prices and costs in the railway sector. École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne.

• Berechman, J., & Giuliano, G. (1984). Analysis of the cost structure of an urban bus transit property. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 18(4-5), 273-287.

• Brage-Ardao, R., Graham, D. J., & Anderson, R. J. (2015). Determinants of rolling stock maintenance cost in metros. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 230(6), 1487-1495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954409715614047

• Budai, G., Huisman, D., & Dekker, R. (2006). Scheduling preventive railway maintenance activities. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 57(9), 1035-1044.

• Burstrom, B., Ericsson, G., & Kjellsson, U. (1994). Verification of life-cycle cost and reliability for the Swedish high speed train X2000. In Proceedings of Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) (pp. 166-171). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1994.291102

• Butler, A. (1988). The evolution of locomotive and rolling stock maintenance schedules. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering, 202(1), 33-43.

• Cacchiani, V., Caprara, A., Galli, L., Kroon, L., Maróti, G., & Toth, P. (2008). Recoverable robustness for railway rolling stock planning. In 8th Workshop on Algorithmic Approaches for Transportation Modeling, Optimization, and Systems (ATMOS’08) (Vol. 9, pp. 1-13). Schloss Dagstuhl--Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik.

• Cadarso, L., & Marín, Á. (2011). Robust rolling stock in rapid transit networks. Computers & Operations Research, 38(8), 1131-1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2010.10.029

• Castella, P. S., Blanc, I., Ferrer, M. G., Ecabert, B., Wakeman, M., Manson, J. A., Emery, D., Han, S. H., Hong, J., & Jolliet, O. (2009). Integrating life cycle costs and environmental impacts of composite rail car-bodies for a Korean train. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 14(5), 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-009-0096-2

• Ceng, F. M., & van Dongen, L. (2013). Application of remote condition monitoring in different rolling stock life cycle phases. Procedia CIRP, 11, 135-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2013.07.050

• Cheng, Y. H., & Tsao, H. L. (2010). Rolling stock maintenance strategy selection, spares parts’ estimation, and replacements’ interval calculation. International Journal of Production Economics, 128(1), 404-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.07.038

• Cheng, Y. H., Yang, A. S., & Tsao, H. L. (2006, June 4-8). Study on rolling stock maintenance strategy and spares parts management. In 7th World Congress on Railway Research (pp. 1-18). Montreal, Canada.

• Choi, S. J., Kim, M. H., & Jung, Y. S. (2011). A study on the method of rolling stock maintenance cost management. In Proceedings of the KSR Conference (pp. 1134-1141). The Korean Society for Railway.

• Chung, S. Y., & Lee, W. Y. (2012). Estimation of the life-span for urban rolling stock through LCC analysis (focused on Seoul Metro). Journal of the Korean Society for Railway, 15(5), 508-516. https://doi.org/10.7782/jksr.2012.15.5.508

• David, C., & Eva, B. (2018). The integrated rolling stock circulation and depot location problem in railway rapid transit systems. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 109, 115-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2017.10.018

• Doganay, K., & Bohlin, M. (2010). Maintenance plan optimization for a train fleet. WIT Transactions on Built Environment, 114(12), 349-358.

• Erguido, A., Márquez, A. C., Castellano, E., Flores, J. L., & Fernández, J. G. (2020). Reliability-based advanced maintenance modelling to enhance rolling stock manufacturers’ objectives. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 144, Article 106436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.106436

• Esposito, V., & Nocchia, S. (2008). Maintenance and repair of rolling stock. Welding International, 22(9), 627-634. https://doi.org/10.1080/09507110802413274

• Famurewa, S. M. (2015). Maintenance analysis and modelling for enhanced railway infrastructure capacity (Doctoral dissertation). Luleå University of Technology, Sweden.

• Fioole, P. J., Kroon, L., Maróti, G., & Schrijver, A. (2006). A rolling stock circulation model for combining and splitting of passenger trains. European Journal of Operational Research, 174(2), 1281-1297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.03.032

• Fourie, C. J., & Tendayi, T. G. (2016). A decision-making framework for effective maintenance management using life cycle costing (LCC) in a rolling stock environment. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering, 27(4), 142-152. https://doi.org/10.7166/27-4-1526

• Fröhling, R. D., & Hettasch, G. (2010). Wheel-rail interface management: A rolling stock perspective. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 224(5), 491-497. https://doi.org/10.1243/09544097jrrt339

• Gattuso, D., & Restuccia, A. (2014). A tool for railway transport cost evaluation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 111, 549-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.088

• Gill, S. S. (2014). Spare parts inventory management system in an automotive downstream supply chain network a case study (Master dissertation). Thapar University, India.

• Gleave, S. D. (2015). Study on the cost and contribution of the rail sector. European Commission.

• Grenčík, J., Poprocký, R., Galliková, J., & Volna, P. (2018). Use of risk assessment methods in maintenance for more reliable rolling stock operation. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 157, p. 04002). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815704002

• Idris, M. F. M., & Saad, N. H. (2020). Mid-life refurbishment maintenance strategy to sustain performance and reliability of train system. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 899, 238-252. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.899.238

• Jones, R., Lung, S., & Young, C. (2020). Reimagining the workforce. John Wiley & Sons.

• Jupe, R., & Crompton, G. (2006). “A deficient performance”: The regulation of the train operating companies in Britain’s privatised railway system. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 17(8), 1035-1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2005.10.002

• Kaewunruen, S., Rungskunroch, P., & Jennings, D. V. (2019). A through-life evaluation of end-of-life rolling stocks considering asset recycling, energy recovering, and financial benefit. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212, 1008-1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.271

• Kaminskas, S. (2002). Strategic planning of the rolling stock in transportation by rail. Transport, 17(6), 230-233.

• Kara, G., & Erdoğan, Ş. (2013). Methods for reducing the specific mass of rolling stock. Engineering Science & Technology, an International Journal, 16(2), 59-66.

• Khan, S. A., Lundberg, J., & Stenström, C. (2020). Life cycle cost analysis for the top-of-rail friction-modifier application: A case study from the Swedish iron ore line. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 235(1), 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954409720904255

• Kim, C. S., Hwang, J. H., & Jung, J. T. (2017). A study on the cost-effective reliability centered maintenance of running gear system for rolling stock. International Information Institute, 20(5B), 3649-3656.

• Kim, J., Chung, J., & Han, S. (2009). Life cycle cost model for evaluating RAMS requirements for rolling stocks. In 2009 International Conference on Computers & Industrial Engineering (pp. 1189-1191). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCIE.2009.5223870

• Knights, P. F. (2001). Rethinking pareto analysis: Maintenance applications of logarithmic scatterplots. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 7(4), 252-263. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552510110407041

• Kraijema, S. (2015). Optimizing the maintenance policy for light rail rolling stock at HTM (Master Thesis). Delft University of Technology, Netherlands.

• Kwansup, L., Jaechan, L., & Ilhwan, K. (2016, September 27-28). A study on strategy of condition based maintenance for Korea metro rolling stocks. In 7th IET Conference on Railway Condition Monitoring 2016 (RCM 2016). Birmingham, UK.

• Lai, Y. C., Fan, D. C., & Huang, K. L. (2015). Optimizing rolling stock assignment and maintenance plan for passenger railway operations. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 85, 284-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2015.03.016

• Lee, C. K., Lee, J. Y., & Kim, J. (2020). Recyclability and recoverability of rolling stock with recycling efficiency factors. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 155, 104620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104620

• Lee, D. S. M. (2002). Understanding capacity and performance of urban rail transit terminals (Doctoral dissertation). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.

• López-Pita, A., Teixeira, P. F., Casas, C., Bachiller, A., & Ferreira, P. A. (2008). Maintenance costs of high-speed lines in Europe state of the art. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2043(1), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.3141/2043-02

• Loubinoux, J. P., Angoiti, I. B. D., Cau, G., Leboeuf, M., Picq, O., Bargellini, G., & Domínguez, M. L. (2013). UIC peer review of operating & maintenance costs of the California high-speed rail project. International Union of Railways.

• Lusby, R. M., Haahr, J. T., Larsen, J., & Pisinger, D. (2017). A branch-and-price algorithm for railway rolling stock rescheduling. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 99, 228-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2017.03.003

• Macedo, R., Benmansour, R., Artiba, A., Mladenović, N., & Urošević, D. (2017). Scheduling preventive railway maintenance activities with resource constraints. Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics, 58, 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endm.2017.03.028

• Maróti, G., & Kroon, L. (2007). Maintenance routing for train units: The interchange model. Computers & Operations Research, 34(4), 1121-1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2005.05.026

• Márquez, A. C. (2007). The maintenance management framework: Models and methods for complex systems maintenance. Springer Science & Business Media.

• Martinetti, A., Braaksma, A. J. J., Ziggers, J., & van Dongen, L. A. M.. (2015). Initial spare parts assortment decision making for rolling stock maintenance: a structured approach. ESREDA Brussels.

• Mira, L., Andrade, A. R., & Gomes, M. C. (2020). Maintenance scheduling within rolling stock planning in railway operations under uncertain maintenance durations. Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management, 14, Article 100177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrtpm.2020.100177

• Mitchell, F. (1951). Control of corrosion damage to rolling stock through proper design and maintenance. Corrosion, 7(8), 269-275.

• Mulder, W., Basten, R. J. I., Becker, J. J., & Van Dongen, L. A. M. (2013). Work in progress: Developing tools that support the design of easily maintainable rolling stock. Procedia CIRP, 11, 204-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2013.07.034

• Murty, A. S. R., & Naikan, V. N. A. (1995). Availability and maintenance cost optimization of a production plant. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 12(2), 28-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/02656719510080596

• Nurcahyo, R., Farizal, F., Arifianto, B. M., & Habiburrahman, M. (2020). Mass Rapid Transit Operation and Maintenance Cost Calculation Model. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2020, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7645142

• Palo, M. (2012). Condition monitoring of railway vehicles: a study on wheel condition for heavy haul rolling stock (Doctoral dissertation). Luleå Tekniska Universitet, Sweden.

• Palo, M. (2014). Condition-based maintenance for effective and efficient rolling stock capacity assurance (Doctoral dissertation). Luleå Tekniska Universitet, Sweden.

• Park, G., Yun, W. Y., Han, Y., & Kim, J. (2011). Optimal preventive maintenance intervals of a rolling stock system. In 2011 International Conference on Quality, Reliability, Risk, Maintenance, and Safety Engineering (pp. 427-430). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICQR2MSE.2011.5976645

• Peeters, M., & Kroon, L. (2008). Circulation of railway rolling stock: A branch-and-price approach. Computers & Operations Research, 35(2), 538-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2006.03.019

• Puig, J. E. P., Basten, R. J. I., & van Dongen, L. A. M. (2013). Investigating maintenance decisions during initial fielding of rolling stock. Procedia CIRP, 11, 199-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2013.07.033

• Raczyński, J. (2018). Life cycle cost as a criterion in purchase of rolling stock. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 180, p. 02010). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818002010

• Rezvanizaniani, S. M., Barabady, J., Valibeigloo, M., Asghari, M., & Kumar, U. (2009). Reliability analysis of the rolling stock industry: A case study. International Journal of Performability Engineering, 5(2), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.23940/ijpe.09.2.p167.mag

• Sarkar, D., & Shastri, P. (2020). Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis of ahmedabad-mumbai bullet train project. International Journal of Engineering Researches and Management Studies, 6(7), 18-27.

• Schlake, B. W., Barkan, C. P., & Edwards, J. R. (2011). Train delay and economic impact of in-service failures of railroad rolling stock. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2261(1), 124-133. https://doi.org/10.3141/2261-14

• Silva, R., & Kaewunruen, S. (2017). Recycling of rolling stocks. Environments, 4(2), Article 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4020039

• Stenström, C., Norrbin, P., Parida, A., & Kumar, U. (2015). Preventive and corrective maintenance - Cost comparison and cost benefit analysis. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 12(5), 603-617. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2015.1032983

• Stern, S., Behrendt, A., Eisenschmidt, E., Reimig, S., Schirmers, L., & Schwerdt, I. (2017). The rail sector’s changing maintenance game. McKinsey & Company.

• Suhana, K. (2017). Evaluation and improvement of accessibility to urban Rail Transit System in Klang Valley, Malaysia/Suhana Koting (Doctoral dissertation). University of Malaya, Malaysia.

• Szkoda, M., Satora, M., & Konieczek, Z. (2020). Effectiveness assessment of diesel locomotives operation with the use of mobile maintenance points. Archives of Transport, 54(2), 7-19. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2622

• Tendayi, T. G., & Fourie, C. J. (2012, July 16-18). A lean maintenance supply chain framework for rolling stock maintenance: A case study. In 42nd International Conference on Computers and Industrial Engineering (CIE42) (pp. 1-8). Cape Town, South Africa.

• Tomiyama, T., Sato, T., Okada, K., Wakamiya, T., & Murata, T. (2018). Railway Rolling-Stock-Assignment-Scheduling Algorithm for Minimizing Inspection Cost. International Journal of Applied Mathematics, 48(2), Article 16.

• Tönissen, D. D., & Arts, J. J. (2020). The stochastic maintenance location routing allocation problem for rolling stock. International Journal of Production Economics, 230, Article 107826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107826

• Vaičiūnas, G., & Lingaitis, L. P. (2008). Investigating the dynamics of passenger rolling stock deterioration. Transport, 23(1), 51-54. https://doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.51-54

• van Abeelen, A. (2012). Case study contracting rolling stock maintenance of Utrecht Tramway The Netherlands. Journal for the Advancement of Performance Information and Value, 4(2), 183-194.

• Vuchic, V. R. (2007). Urban transit systems and technology. John Wiley & Sons.

• Wojtas, B. J. (1989). Developments on British Railways traction and rolling stock. Power Engineering Journal, 3(2), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1049/pe:19890018

• Yang, C., & Létourneau, S. (2005). Learning to predict train wheel failures. In Proceedings of the eleventh ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery in data mining (pp. 516-525). ACM Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1145/1081870.1081929