PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

A significant wastewater source in every household is washed rice water (WRW) because it contains leached nutrients (from washing the rice prior to cooking) that could be used as fertilizer. The paper reviewed the current understanding of the potential use of WRW as a plant nutrient source. WRW was shown to increase vegetables growth, such as water spinach, pak choy, lettuce, mustard, tomato, and eggplant. Different researchers have used various amounts of WRW, and their results followed a similar trend: the higher the amount of WRW, the higher the plant growth. WRW has also been used for other purposes, such as a source of carbon for microbial growth. WRW from brown rice and white rice had nutrients ranging from 40-150, 43-16306, 51-200, 8-3574, 36-1425, 27-212, and 32-560 mg L^-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and vitamin B1 (thiamine), respectively. Proper utilization of WRW could reduce chemical fertilizer use and prevent both surface and groundwater contamination and environmental pollution. However, only a few of the studies have compared the use of WRW with the use of conventional NPK fertilizer. The major drawback of WRW studies is that they lack depth and scope, such as determining the initial and (or) final soil physico-chemical properties or plant nutrient contents. Considering the rich nutrient content in WRW, it will impact plant growth and soil fertility when used as both irrigation water and plant nutrient source. Therefore, it is recommended that studies on WRW effect on soil microbial population, plant, and soil nutrient contents to be carried out to ascertain the sustainability of WRW use as a plant nutrient source.

• Abbas, A., Murtaza, S., Aslam, F., Khawar, A., Rafique, S., & Naheed, S. (2011). Effect of processing on nutritional value of rice (Oryza sativa). World Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(2), 68-73.

• Aghtape, A. A., Ghanbari, A., Sirousmehr, A., Siahsar, B., Asgharipour, M., & Tavssoli, A. (2011). Effect of irrigation with wastewater and foliar fertilizer application on some forage characteristics of foxtail millet (Setaria italica). International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 3(3), 34-42.

• Ahemad, M., & Kibret, M. (2014). Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Current perspective. Journal of King saud University-science, 26(1), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013.05.001

• Akib, M. A., Setiawaty, H., Haniarti, H., & Sulfiah, S. (2015). Improving the quality of “Leri” rice washing waste by different period of fermentation and yeast concentration as an alternative liquid organic fertilizer. International Journal of Agriculture System, 2(2), 153-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ijas.v2i2.31

• Amalia, N., & Chitra, A. (2018). The effect of application of rice dishwater and manure as organic fertilizer to the growth of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Agroland: Agricultural Science Journal, 5(2), 74-82.

• Amoro, I., Laura, M., Yolanda, M., & Jose, L. A. (2019). Wastewater and leafy greens. Encyclopaedia for Food Security and Sustainability, 3, 385-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.22431-1

• Andrianto, H. (2007). Pengaruh air cucian beras pada Adenium [Effect of washed rice water on Adenium] (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). Universitas Muhamadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia.

• Ariwibowo, F. (2012). Pemanfaatan kulit telur ayam dan air cucian beras pada pertumbuhan tanaman tomat (Solanum lycopersicum) dengan media tanam hidroponik [Utilization of chicken eggshells and rice washed water on the growth of tomato plants (Solonum lycopercium L.) with hydroponic growing media] (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). Universitas Muhammadiah Surakarta, Indonesia.

• Babu, P., Subhasree, R., Bhakyaraj, R., & Vidhyalakshmi, R. (2009). Brown rice-beyond the color reviving a lost health food - A review. American-Eurasian Journal of Agronomy, 2(2), 67-72.

• Bahar, A. (2016). Pengaruh pemberian limbah air cucian beras terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman kangkung darat (Ipomoea reptans Poir) [Effect of applying washed rice wastewater on the growth of land spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir)]. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian, 3(2), 1-9.

• Balkhair, K. S., El-Nakhlawi, F. S., Ismail, S. M., & Al-Solimani, S. G. (2013). Treated wastewater use and its effect on water conservation, vegetative yeild,yield components and water use efficiency of some vegetable crops grown under two different irrigation systems in western region, Saudi Arabia. European Scientific Journal, 9(21), 395-402. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2013.v9n21p%p

• Baning, C., Hafnati, R., & Supriatno, S. (2016). Effect of red rice washed water application on vegetative growth of pepper plants (Piper nigrum L.). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pendidikan Biology, 1(1), 1-9.

• Bee, Y. G. (2019). Food supply chain in Malaysia: Review of agricultural policies, public institutional setup and food regulations. Khazanah Research Institute. Retrieved Retrieved February 18, 2021, from http://www.krinstitute.org/Discussion_Papers-@-Food_Supply_Chain_in_Malaysia-;_Review_of_Agricultural_Policies,_Public_Institutional_Set-up_and_Food_Regulations.aspx

• Blondine, C., & Yuniarti, R. (2008). Peran serta masyarakat secara mandiri dalam melestarikan Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 galur lokal dalam buah kelapa untuk mengendalikan jentik Anopheles sp di Kampung Laut Kabupaten Cilacap [The role of the community to independently conserve local strains of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 in coconut fruit to control Anopheles sp larvae in Kampung Laut, Cilacap Regency]. YARSI Medical Journal, 16(1), 033-038.

• Brown, S., Kurtz, K., Bary, A., & Cogger, C. (2011). Quantifying benefits associated with land application of organic residuals in Washington State. Environmental Science and Technology, 45(17), 7451-7458. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2010418

• Bukhari (2013). The effect of organic fertilizer and rice washing water on growth and yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Jurnal Sains Riset, 3(1), 1-8.

• Chandini, K. R., Kumar, R., & Prakash, O. (2019). The impact of chemical fertilizers on our environment and ecosystem (2nd Ed.). Research Trends in Environmental Sciences.

• Cirelli, G. L., Consoli, S., Licciardello, F., Aiello, R., Giuffrida, F., & Leonardi, C. (2012). Treated municipal wastewater reuse in vegetable production. Agricultural Water Management, 104, 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.12.011

• Cogger, C. G. (2005). Potential compost benefits for restoration of soils disturbed by urban development. Compost Science and Utilization, 13(4), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2005.10702248

• Corcoran, E., Nellemann, C., Baker, E., Bos, R., Osborn, D., & Savelli, H. (2010). Sick water? The central role of wastewater management in sustainable development. A rapid response assessment. UNEP/Earthprint.

• Deepa, G., Singh, V., & Naidu, K. A. (2008). Nutrient composition and physicochemical properties of Indian medicinal rice–Njavara. Food chemistry, 106(1), 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.062

• Diana, R. Y. (2016). Gardening tips: Benefits of rice washing water for fertilizing plants. Retrieved May 3, 2020, from https://mitalom.com/manfaat-air-cucian-beras-untuk-menyuburkan-tanaman/

• Dini, I. R., & Salbiah, D. (2019). Growth and pepper yields (Capsicum annuum L.) by giving a formulation of biological fertilizer of cellulolytic bacteria based on organic liquid waste. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1351, No. 1, p. 012097). IOP Publishing.

• Duaja, M. D., Arzita, & Redo, Y. (2012). Growth analysis of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) at different type of liquid organic fertilizer. Jurnal Program Studi Agroekoteknologi, 1(1), 33-41.

• Duncomb, D. R., Larson, W. E., Clapp, C. E., Dowdy, R. H., Linden, D. R., & Johnson, W. K. (1982). Effect of liquid wastewater sludge application on crop yield and water quality. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, 54(8), 1185-1193.

• FAO. (2015). World fertilizer trends and outlook to 2018. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Report. Retrieved February 17, 2021, from http://www.fao.org/3/i4324e/i4324e.pdf

• Fitriani, C. L. (2019). Effect of spraying concentration of washed water of various types of rice on plant growth and yield of pak coy (Brassica rapa L.) (Diploma thesis). Universitas Andalas Padang, Indonesia. Retrieved May 3, 2020, from http://scholar.unand.ac.id/id/eprint/52640

• Fitzpatrick, T. B., & Chapman, L. M. (2020). The importance of thiamine (vitamin B1) in plant health: From crop yield to biofortification. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 295(34), 12002-12013. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.REV120.010918

• Gatta, G., Libutti, A., Gagliardi, A., Beneduce, L., Brusetti, L., Borruso, L., Disciglio, G., & Tarantino, E. (2015a). Treated agro-industrial wastewater irrigation of tomato crop: Effects on qualitative/quantitative characteristics of production and microbiological properties of the soil. Agricultural Water Management, 149, 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.10.016

• Gatta, G., Libutti, A., Gagliardi, A., Disciglio, G., Beneduce, L., d’Antuono, M., Rendina, M., & Tarantino, E. (2015b). Effects of treated agro-industrial wastewater irrigation on tomato processing quality. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 10(632), 97-100. https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2015.632

• Ghafari, S., Hasan, M., & Aroua, M. K. (2008). Bio-electrochemical removal of nitrate from water and wastewater - A review. Bioresource Technology, 99(10), 3965-3974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.026

• Ginting, K. A., Dianita, R., & Rahman A. (2017). Pengaruh pemberian nitrogen dan fosfor terhadap pertumbuhan legum Calopogonium mucunoides, Centrosema pubescens dan Arachis pintoi [The effect of nitrogen and phosphorous on the growth of Calopogonium mucunoides, Centrosema pubescens and Arachis pintoi] (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Jambi. Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://repository.unja.ac.id/id/eprint/849

• GRiSP. (2013). Global Rice Science Partnership Rice almanac (4th Ed.). International Rice Research Institute.

• Hairudin, R. (2015). Effectiveness of organic fertilizer rice washing water on the growth of mustard plants (Brassica juncea L.). Journal Perbal, 3(3), 79-84.

• Handiyanto, S., Hastuti, U., & Prabaningtyas, S. (2013, July 6). The effect of rice water washing medium on the speed of mycelium growth of white oyster mushrooms (Pleurotusostreatus var. Florida). In Seminar Nasional X Pendidikan Biologi FKIP UNS (pp. 1-6). Surakarta, Indonesia.

• Hariyadi, S. P. (2020). The effect of watering on rice washing water, MSG water, and AC (Air Conditioner) wastewater on yields components and tomato yields (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) in the deep Peatland. Universal Journal, 7, 1-12.

• Harrison, R. (2008). Composting and formation of humic substances. In Encyclopaedia of Ecology (pp. 713-719). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045405-4.00262-7

• He, Q., Feng, C., Chen, N., Zhang, D., Hou, T., Dai, J., Hao, C., & Mao, B. (2019). Characterizations of dissolved organic matter and bacterial community structures in rice washing drainage (RWD)-based synthetic groundwater denitrification. Chemosphere, 215, 142-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.026

• He, Q., Feng, C., Hu, Q., Li, R., & Chen, N. (2016a). Biological denitrification using rice washing drainage (RWD) as carbon source for removing nitrate from groundwater. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(46), 21990-21999. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1127780

• He, Q., Feng, C., Peng, T., Chen, N., Hu, Q., & Hao, C. (2016b). Denitrification of synthetic nitrate-contaminated groundwater combined with rice washing drainage treatment. Ecological Engineering, 95, 152-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.06.043

• Helmyati, S., Kiasaty, S., Amalia, A. W., Sholihah, H., Kurnia, M., Wigati, M., Rohana, A., Ishak, W. R. W., Hamid, N. A., Malik, V., & Hu, F. (2020). Substituting white rice with brown and black rice as an alternative to prevent diabetes mellitus type 2: A case-study among young adults in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 19, 749-757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-020-00555-8

• Hernawan, E., & Meylani, V. (2016). Physicochemical characteristics analysis of white rice, brown rice, and black rice (Oryza sativa L., Oryza nivara and Oryza sativa L. indica). Journal Kesehat Bakti Tunas Husada, 15(1), 79-91.

• Hikmah, N. (2015). Pemanfaatan ekstrak kulit singkong dan air cucian beras pada pertumbuhan tanaman sirsak (Annona muricata L.) [Utilization of cassava peels extract and washed rice water on the growth of soursop (Annona muricata L.)] (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from http://eprints.ums.ac.id/33510/15/Naskah%20Publikasi.pdf

• Hoffland, E., Hakulinen, J., & Van Pelt, J. A. (1996). Comparison of systemic resistance induced by a virulent and non-pathogenic pseudomonas species. Phytopathology, 86(7), 757-762.

• Ibekwe, A., Gonzalez-Rubio, A., & Suarez, D. (2018). Impact of treated wastewater for irrigation on soil microbial communities. Science of the Total Environment, 622, 1603-1610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.039

• Iskarlia, G. R. (2017). The growth of hydroponic mustard plant (Brassica rapa L.) using the nutrition of washed rice water and chicken egg shells. Agric Sains Journal of Budidaya Tanaman Perkebunan Politeknik Hasnur, 3(2), 42-51.

• Istiqomah, N. (2010). Influence of brown rice washing water application on growth and yield of celery (Apium graveolens L.) on Lebak’s mashland. Agroscientiae, 3(17), 152-155.

• Istiqomah, N. (2012). Efektivitas pemberian air cucian beras coklat terhadap produktivitas tanaman kacang hijau (Phaseolus radiatus L.) pada lahan rawa lebak [Effectiveness of applying washed brown rice water on the productivity of green bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) on lowland swamps]. Ziraa’ah, 33(1), 99-108.

• Itani, T., & Ogawa, M. (2004). History and recent trends of red rice in Japan. Japan Journal of Crop Science, 73, 137-147.

• Jaramillo, M. F., & Restrepo, I. (2017). Wastewater reuse in agriculture: A review about its limitations and benefits. Sustainability, 9(10), 1734-1753. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101734

• Jones, D. L., & Kielland, K. (2012). Amino acid, peptide and protein mineralization dynamics in a taiga forest soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 55, 60-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.06.005

• Juliano, B. O. (1985). Rice: Chemistry and technology (2nd Ed.). American Association of Cereal Chemists.

• Juliano, B. O. (1993). Rice in human nutrition. FAO Food and Nutrition Series (26).

• Juwarkar, A., Dutta, S., & Pandey, R. (1988). Impact of domestic wastewaters on soil microbial populations. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 39(1-2), 169-177. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00250956

• Kalavrouziotis, I. (2015). The reuse of municipal wastewater in soils. Global Nest Journal, 17(3), 474-486. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.001625

• Kalsum, U. S., Fatimah, & Wasonowati, C. (2011). Effectiveness of washed rice water provision on growth and yield of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Journal of Agrovigor, 4(2), 86-92.

• Kanchanawongkul, V. (2004). Performance comparison on materials surface of paddies hulling for rice- hulling machine. Engineering for Increasing Productivity, 13, 3-15.

• Karlina, A., Yursida, & Ruli, J. P. (2013). Growth response of water spinach (Ipomea reptans) to the application of liquid organic fertilizer from cow urine and organic fertilizer in tidal land overflow type C. Journal of Ilmiah Agriculture, 1, 1-16.

• Khalid, S., Shahid, M., Bibi, I., Sarwar, T., Shah, A. H., & Niazi, N. K. (2018). A review of environmental contamination and health risk assessment of wastewater use for crop irrigation with a focus on low and high-income countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 895-930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050895

• Khalid, S., Shahid, M., Dumat, C., Niazi, N. K., Bibi, I., Bakhat, H. F. S. G., Abbas, G., Murtaza, B., & Javeed, H. M. R. (2017). Influence of groundwater and wastewater irrigation on lead accumulation in soil and vegetables: Implications for health risk assessment and phytoremediation. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 19(11), 1037-1046. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2017.1319330

• Kretschmer, N., Ribbe, L., & Hartmut, G. (2002). Wastewater reuse for agriculture. Technology Resource Management & Development-Scientific Contributions for Sustainable Development, 2, 37-64.

• Leandro, M. (2009). Pengaruh konsentrasi air cucian beras terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman tomat dan terong [Effect of washed rice water concentrations on the growth of tomato and eggplant]. Retrieved May 26, 2021, from http://web.archive.org/web/20090731111508/http://cikaciko.blogspot.com/2009/01/pengaruh-konsentrasi-air-cucian-beras.html

• Lehmann, S. (2011). Resource recovery and materials flow in the city: Zero waste and sustainable consumption as paradigm in urban development. Journal of Green Building, 6(3), 88-105.

• Lestari, B. K. (2010). Efektivitas penyiraman air leri dan ekstrak sari kedelai (Glycine max) terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman cabai hibrida (Capsicum annum L) [Effectiveness of watering with washed rice water and soybean extract on the growth of hybrid chili (Capsicum annum L.)] (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia. Retrieved September 11, 2020, from http://eprints.ums.ac.id/9784/

• Li, W., & Li, Z. (2009). In situ nutrient removal from aquaculture wastewater by aquatic vegetable Ipomoea aquatica on floating beds. Water Science and Technology, 59(10), 1937-1943. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.191

• Ling, W. H., Cheng, Q. X., Ma, J., & Wang, T. (2001). Red and black rice decrease atherosclerotic plaque formation and increase antioxidant status in rabbits. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(5), 1421-1426. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.5.1421

• Madaki, Y. S., & Seng, L. (2013). Palm oil mill effluent (POME) from Malaysia palm oil mills: Waste or resource. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 2(6), 1138-1155.

• Malakar, M., & Banerjee, S. (1959). Effect of cooking rice with different volumes of water on the loss of nutrients and on digestibility of rice in vitro. Food Research, 24, 751-756. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1959.tb17330.x

• Mechri, B., Mariem, F. B., Baham, M., Elhadj, S. B., & Hammami, M. (2008). Change in soil properties and the soil microbial community following land spreading of olive mill wastewater affects olive trees key physiological parameters and the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40(1), 152-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.07.020

• Moradi, A., Teh, C. B. S., Goh, K., Husni, M. A., & Ishak, C. F. (2014). Decomposition and nutrient release temporal pattern of oil palm residues. Annals of Applied Biology, 164(2), 208-219. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12094

• Naidu, R., Megharaj, M., & Owens, G. (2004). Recyclable urban and industrial waste-benefits and problems in agricultural use. In Managing soil quality: Challenges in modern agriculture (pp. 219-237). CAB International Oxfordshire.

• Nooten, T. V., Diels, L., & Bastiaens, L. (2008). Design of a multifunctional permeable reactive barrier for the treatment of landfill leachate contamination: Laboratory column evaluation. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(23), 8890-8895. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801704t

• Nurhasanah, Y. S., Nelly, N., Reka, P., Anik, N., & Muhammad, L. F. (2010). Potential waste water washing rice as a propagation media for plant probiotic bacteria. Institute Pertanian Bogor.

• Nurhasanah. (2011). Rice washing water nutrient content. Pustaka Belaja.

• Oliveira, A., & Pampulha, M. E. (2006). Effects of long-term heavy metal contamination on soil microbial characteristics. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 102(3), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1263/jbb.102.157

• Park, J. (2013). Environment and health: An overview of current trends at WHO and OECD. Journal of Environmental Health Sciences, 39(4), 299-311.

• Pascual, C. D. S., Massaretto, I. L., Kawassaki, F., Barros, R. M. C., Noldin, J. A., & Marquez, U. M. L. (2013). Effects of parboiling, storage and cooking on the levels of tocopherols, tocotrienols and γ-oryzanol in brown rice (Oryza sativa L.). Food Research International, 50(2), 676-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.07.013

• Patindol, J., Flowers, A., Kuo, M. I., Wang, Y. J., & Gealy, D. (2006). Comparison of physicochemical properties and starch structure of red rice and cultivated rice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(7), 2712-2718. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0523418

• Pescod, M. (1992). Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage.

• Pimentel, D., & Pimentel, M. H. (2007). Food, energy, and society. CRC press.

• Purba, M. A., Fauzi, F., & Sari, K. (2015). Pengaruh pemberian fosfat alam dan bahan organik pada tanah sulfat masam potensial terhadap P-tersedia tanah dan produksi padi (Oryza sativa L.) [Effect of applying natural phosphate and organic matter on potential acid sulfate soils on the available soil-P and rice production (Oryza sativa L.)]. Jurnal Agroekoteknologi Universitas Sumatera Utara, 3(3), 938-948.

• Purnami, W. G., Yuswanti, N. H., & Astiningsih, M. A. (2014). Effect of type and frequency of washed rice water on growth of orchid seeds (Phalaenopsis sp) after acclimatization. Jurnal of Agroekoteknologi Tropica, 3(1), 22-31.

• Ratnadi, N. W. Y., Sumardika, N. Y., & Setiawan, N. A. G. (2014). Effect of watering rice washing water and urea fertilizer with different concentrations on the growth of henna plants (Impatiens balsamina L.). Journal of Science Biological Education, 1(1), 1-9.

• Razali, W. A. W., Baharuddin, A. S., Talib, A. T., Sulaiman, A., Naim, M. N., Hassan, M. A., & Shirai, Y. (2012). Degradation of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fibre during composting process using in-vessel composter. BioResources, 7(4), 4786-4805.

• Roy, P., Orikasa, T., Okadome, H., Nakamura, N., & Shiina, T. (2011). Processing conditions, rice properties, health and environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(6), 1957-1976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8061957

• Sadaf, J., Shah, G. A., Shahzad, K., Ali, N., Shahid, M., Ali, S., Hussain, R. A., Ahmed, Z. I., Traore, B., Ismail, I. M., & Rashid, M. I. (2017). Improvements in wheat productivity and soil quality can accomplish by co-application of biochars and chemical fertilizers. Science of the Total Environment, 607, 715-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.178

• Sairi, F., Ismail, N., & Ibrahim, N. (2018). The effect of FRAW towards the growth of chilli seedlings and its associated microorganisms. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 14(6), 606-610. https://doi.org/10.21161/mjm.1461822

• Sakiah, & Wahyuni, M. (2018). Analysis of c-organic, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in application areas and without application of palm oil mill effluent. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 11(4), 23-27. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-1104012327

• Santos, C., Fonseca, J., Aires, A., Coutinho, J., & Trindade, H. (2017). Effect of different rates of spent coffee grounds (SCG) on composting process, gaseous emissions and quality of end-product. Waste Management, 59, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.020

• Schulz, R., & Römheld, V. (1997). Recycling of municipal and industrial organic wastes in agriculture: benefits, limitations, and means of improvement. In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment (pp. 581-586). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_184

• Shamshuddin, J. (1989). Lime requirements of highly weathered Malaysian soils. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 12, 109-111.

• Shaviv, A. (2001). Advances in controlled-release fertilizers. Advances in Agronomy, 71, 1-49.

• Siagian, A. S. (2018). Respon pemberian pupuk organik cair air cucian beras terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman selada hijau (Lactuca satvia L.) [Response of organic fertilizer and washed rice water on the growth and production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)] (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). Medan Area University, Indonesia. Retrieved May 26, 2021, from http://repository.uma.ac.id/handle/123456789/10578

• Sianipar, O. P. (2004). Pengaruh frekuensi pemberian vitamin B1 dan konsentrasi pupuk KNO3 terhadap pertumbuhan vegetative bibit anggrek Dendrobium (Sakura white) [Effect of application frequency of vitamin B1 and KNO3 fertilizer concentration on the vegetative growth of Dendrobium orchid seeds (Sakura white)] (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Udayana, Indonesia.

• Sommers, L. (1977). Chemical composition of sewage sludges and analysis of their potential use as fertilizers. Journal of Environmental Quality, 6(2), 225-232. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1977.00472425000600020026x

• Sreenivasan, J., Govindan, M., Chinnasami, M., & Kadiresu, I. (2012). Solid waste management in Malaysia - A move towards sustainability. Waste Management and Integrated Visions, 2005, 55-70.

• Sullivan, D. M., Bary, A. I., Miller, R. O., & Brewer, L. J. (2018). Interpreting compost analyses. Oregon State University Extension Service.

• Sun, H., Terhonen, E., Koskinen, K., Paulin, L., Kasanen, R., & Asiegbu, F. O. (2014). Bacterial diversity and community structure along different peat soils in boreal forest. Applied Soil Ecology, 74, 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.09.010

• Supraptiningsih, L. K., Nuriyanti, R., & Sutrisno, A. (2019). Processing household waste (washed rice water) into liquid organic fertilizer in probolinggo regency empowering. Journal Pengabdian Masyarakat Fakulti Psikologi, 3, 12-20.

• Suryana, H., Titiaryanti, M., & Yuniasih, B. (2017). Effect of types and doses of waste on the growth of oil palm seedlings (pre nursery). Journal of Agromast, 2(1), 1-11.

• Syuhaibah, S. A. (2017). Use of washed rice water as a fertilizer (Unpublished Undergraduate report). Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.

• Teh, C. B. S. (2016). Availability, use, and removal of oil palm biomass in Indonesia. Report prepared for the International Council on Clean Transportation. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://theicct.org/publications/availability-use-and-removal-oil-palm-biomass-indonesia

• The Jakarta Post. (2017). Village in Bogor uses leftover rice water to grow plants. The Jakarta Post News Desk. Retrieved May 26, 2021, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/10/07/village-in-bogor-uses-leftover-rice-water-to-grow-plants.html

• Upadhyay, A., & Karn, S. K. (2018). Brown rice: Nutritional composition and health benefits. Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal, 10, 47-52. https://doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v10i0.19711

• Vermaat, J. E., & Hanif, M. K. (1998). Performance of common duckweed species (Lemnoideae) and the waterfern Azolla filiculoides on different types of waste water. Water Research, 32(9), 2569-2576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00037-2

• Wardiah, L., & Hafnati, L. R. (2014). Potensi limbah air cucian beras sebagai pupuk organik cair pada pertumbuhan pakchoy (Brassica rapa L.) [Potential of washed rice water as a liquid organic fertilizer on the growth of pakchoy (Brassica rapa L.)]. Jurnal Biologi Edukasi, 6(1), 34-38.

• Watanabe, M., Ichinose, K., Sasano, K., Ozaki, Y., Tsuiki, T., Hidaka, H., & Kanemoto, S. (2011). Effect of enzymatic treatment on sedimentation and flocculation abilities of solid particles in rice washing drainage and its relationship with protein profiles. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 112(1), 67-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.03.005

• Watanabe, M., Makino, M., Kaku, N., Koyama, M., Nakamura, K., & Sasano, K. (2013). Fermentative L-(+)-lactic acid production from non-sterilized rice washing drainage containing rice bran by a newly isolated lactic acid bacteria without any additions of nutrients. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 115(4), 449-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.11.001

• Watanabe, M., Takahashi, M., Sasano, K., Kashiwamura, T., Ozaki, Y., Tsuiki, T., Hidaka, H., & Kanemoto, S. (2009). Bioethanol production from rice washing drainage and rice bran. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 108(6), 524-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.06.014

• Wijiyanti, P., Hastuti, E. D., & Haryanti, S. (2019). Effect of fertilizer fermentation period of rice wash water on green mustard plant growth (Brassica juncea L.). Buletin Anatomi dan Fisiologi, 4(1), 21-28.

• Winance, G. M., Ernaningsih, D., & Eting, D. E. (2018). Effect of utilization of rice washing water and eggshells on the growth of tomato plants (Lycopersium escuslentum Mill). BIOS Jurnal Pendidikan Biology dan Pengajaran, 1(1), 1-9.

• Winpenny, J., Heinz, I., Koo-Oshima, S., Salgot, M., Collado, J., Hérnandez, F., & Torricelli, R. (2013). Reutilización del Agua en Agricultura:¿ Beneficios para Todos? [Water reuse in agriculture: Beneficial to all?].Food and Agriculture Organization.

• World Count. (2020). Tons of waste from households. Retrieved February 18, 2020, from https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/planet-earth/waste/waste-from-households/story

• Wulandari, C. G., Muhartini, S., & Trisnowati, S. (2012). Pengaruh air cucian beras merah dan beras putih terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil selada (Lactuca sativa L.) [Effect of washed brown and white rice water on the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)]. Vegetalika, 1(2), 24-35. https://doi.org/10.22146/veg.1516

• WWDR. (2016). The United Nations world water development report. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

• Yulianingsih, R. (2017). Pengaruh air cucian beras terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil terung ungu (Solanum melongena L.). [Effect of rice washing water on growth and yield of superior eggplant (Solanum Melongea L.)]. Publikasi Informasi Pertanian, 13(24), 61-68.

• Zou, J., Guo, X., Han, Y., Liu, J., & Liang, H. (2012). Study of a novel vertical flow constructed wetland system with drop aeration for rural wastewater treatment. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 223(2), 889-900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-0910-x