PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

 

e-ISSN 2231-8534
ISSN 0128-7702

Home / Regular Issue / JSSH Vol. 29 (1) Mar. 2021 / JSSH-5957-2020

 

Psychometric Evaluation of the Malay Version of the Multidimensional Beck Youth Inventories-2 (BYI-2 Malay): Measuring Self-Concept, Anxiety, Depression, Anger, and Disruptive Behaviour among Adolescents in Sheltered Homes

Wai-Eng Ding, Kit-Aun Tan1, Jia-Yuin Fam, Firdaus Mukhtar, Munn-Sann Lye, Hamidin Awang and Khadeeja Munawar

Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, Volume 29, Issue 1, March 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.29.1.15

Keywords: Beck Youth Inventories, factor structure, reliability, validity

Published on: 26 March 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Malay version of the Beck Youth Inventories-Second Edition (BYI-2 Malay) in a sample of adolescents living in the nongovernment-run sheltered homes. In this study, 300 adolescents completed the BYI-2 Malay, the Beck Depression Inventory-Malay (BDI-Malay), the Beck Anxiety Inventory-Malay (BAI-Malay), the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Malay (ATQ-Malay), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale-Malay (RSES-Malay). The internal consistency estimates for the BYI-2 Malay scales, as measured by Cronbach’s alpha, were excellent: .86 for self-concept, .89 for anxiety, .92 for depression, .92 for anger, and .92 for disruptive behaviours. The five-factor model of the BYI-2 Malay (i.e., Self-Concept, Anxiety, Depression, Anger, and Disruptive Behaviour) showed a good fit to the data. Evidence for concurrent validity was established between the BYI-2 Malay Self-Concept scale and the RSES-Malay (r = .41), between the BYI-2 Malay Anxiety scale and the BAI-Malay (r = .60), and between the BYI-2 Malay Depression scale and the BDI-Malay (r = .69). The evidence for convergent validity was established between the BYI-2 Malay Anger scale and the ATQ-Malay (r = .71), and between BYI- 2 Malay Disruptive Behaviour scale and the ATQ Malay (r =.52). The present findings shed light on the utility of the BYI-2 Malay in aiding clinicians as well as therapists for identifying multiple symptoms of social and emotional problems in adolescents.

  • Anderson, D. M., Cesur, R., & Tekin, E. (2015). Youth depression and future criminal behaviour. Economic Inquiry, 53(1), 294-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12145

  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327

  • Baxter, A. J., Vos, T., Scott, K. M., Ferrari, A. J., & Whiteford, H. A. (2014). The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010. Psychological Medicine, 44(11), 2363-2374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713003243

  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191. https://doi.org/10.1080/000163599428823

  • Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Manual for the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Person Corporation.

  • Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004

  • Beck, J. S., Beck, A. T., & Jolly, J. B. (2001). Beck Youth Inventories. https://pearsonassess.ca/haiweb/Cultures/en-CA/Products/Product+Detail.htm?CS_ProductID=015-8014-197&CS_Category=ot-social-emotional-and-well-being&CS_Catalog=TPC-CACatalog

  • Beck, J. S., Beck, A. T., Jolly, J. B., & Steer, R. A. (2005). Beck Youth Inventories Second Edition (BYI-II) for children and adolescents. Psychological Corporation.

  • Beck, R., & Fernandez, E. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of anger: A meta-analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(1), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018763902991

  • Beebe, A., Gelfand, E. W., & Bender, B. (2010). A randomized trial to test the effectiveness of art therapy for children with asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 126(2), 263-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.03.019

  • Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588

  • Blackmon, J. E., Liptak, C., & Recklitis, C. J. (2015). Development and preliminary validation of a short form of the Beck Depression Inventory for Youth (BDI-Y) in a sample of adolescent cancer survivors. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 9(1), 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-014-0394-y

  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124189017003004

  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005

  • Calvete, E., & Cardeñoso, O. (2005). Gender differences in cognitive vulnerability to depression and behavior problems in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(2), 179-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-005-1826-y

  • Cho, S., Hung, L., Su, C., & Chen, H. (2009). A research of the Chinese version Beck Youth Inventories. Psychological Testing, 56(4), 639-669.

  • Cluver, L. D., Orkin, M., Gardner, F., & Boyes, M. E. (2012). Persisting mental health problems among AIDS-orphaned children in South Africa. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 53(4), 363-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02459.x

  • Conners, K. C. (1997). Conners-Wells’ Adolescent Self-Report Scales (CASS-S). Multi-Health Systems.

  • Conners, K. C., Sitarenios, G., Parker, J. D. A., & Epstein, J. N. (1998). The revised Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 257-268. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022602400621

  • Cummings, C. M., Caporino, N. E., & Kendall, P. C. (2014). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after. Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 816-845. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034733

  • Fawzy, N., & Fouad, A. (2010). Psychosocial and developmental status of orphanage children: Epidemiological study. Current Psychiatry, 17(2), 41-48.

  • Flouri, E., & Panourgia, C. (2014). Negative automatic thoughts and emotional and behavioural problems in adolescence. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(1), 46-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12004

  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluation structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104

  • Greene, F. N., Chorpita, B. F., & Austin, A. A. (2009). Examining youth anxiety symptoms and suicidal ideation in the context of the tripartite model of emotion. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioural Assessment, 31(4), 405-411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-009-9129-1

  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Prentice Hall.

  • IBM Corporation. (2011). IBM SPSS Statistics and AMOS for Windows. IBM Corporation.

  • Institute for Public Health. (2018). National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2017: Key findings from the adolescent health and nutrition surveys. http://iku.moh.gov.my/images/IKU/Document/REPORT/NHMS2017/NHMS2017Infographic.pdf

  • Kaur, J., Cheong, S. M., Naidu, B. M., Kaur, G., Manickam, M. A., Mat Noor, M., Ibrahim, N., & Rosman, A. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of depression among adolescents in Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 26(5S), 53S-62S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539514544356

  • Kaya, F., Bilgin, H., & Singer, M. (2012). Contributing factors to aggressive behaviours in high school students in Turkey. Journal School of Nursing, 28(1), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840511418669

  • Keane, L., & Loades, M. (2017). Low self-esteem and internalizing disorders in young people: A systematic review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 22(1), 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12204

  • Kerr, M. A., & Schneider, B. H. (2008). Anger expression in children and adolescents: A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(4), 559-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.08.001

  • Kim, H.-Y. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 38(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52

  • Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Guildford Press.

  • Kornør, H., & Johansen, S. (2016). Måleegenskaper ved den norske versjonen av Beck Youth Inventories - Second Edition (BYI-II) [Measuring properties of the Norwegian version of Beck Youth Inventories - Second Edition (BYI-II)]. PsykTestBarn, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.21337/0045

  • Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s depression inventory. Multi-Health Systems.

  • Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 151-173. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1

  • Mathiak, K. A., Karzel, K., Ocypa, M., Seget, A., Mathiak, K., & Ostaszewski, P. (2007). Polish adaptation and validation of Beck Youth Inventories of emotional and social impairment. Psychiatria Polska, 41(3), 387-399. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=psyc5&AN=2007-13583-008

  • McMorris, B., Hemphill, S., Toumbourou, J., Catalano, R., & Patton, G. (2007). Prevalence of substance use and delinquent behaviour in adolescents from Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States. Health Education and Behaviour, 34(4), 634-650. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198106286272

  • Melnyk, B. M., Kelly, S., & Lusk, P. (2014). Outcomes and feasibility of a manualized cognitive-behavioral skills building intervention: Group COPE for depressed and anxious adolescents in school settings. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 27(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12058

  • Mohammadzadeh, M., Awang, H., Shahar, H. K., & Ismail, S. (2018). Emotional health and self-esteem among adolescents in Malaysian orphanages. Community Mental Health Journal, 54(1), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0128-5

  • Mukhtar, F., & Oei, T. P. (2008). Exploratory and confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory for Malays (BDI-Malay) in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 17(1). http://mjpsychiatry.org/index.php/mjp/article/view/27/27

  • Mukhtar, F., & Zulkefly, N. S. (2011). The Beck Anxiety Inventory for Malays (BAI-Malay): A preliminary study on psychometric properties. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 7(1), 75-81.

  • Nalugya-Sserunjogi, J., Rukundo, G. Z., Ovuga, E., Kiwuwa, S. M., Musisi, S., & Nakimuli-Mpungu, E. (2016). Prevalence and factors associated with depression symptoms among school-going adolescents in Central Uganda. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 10(39), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-016-0133-4

  • Novaco, R. W. (2010). Anger and psychopathology. In M. Potegal, G. Stemmler & C. Spielberger (Eds.), International Handbook of Anger (pp. 465-497). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89676-2_27

  • Oei, T. P. S., & Mukhtar, F. (2008). Exploratory and confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire for Malays (ATQ-Malay) in Malaysia. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 18(3), 92-100.

  • Osborne, J. W., & Costello, A. B. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10, Article 7. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868

  • Piers, E. V. (2002). The Piers-Harris Children’s Self Concept Scale. Western Psychological Services.

  • Puffer, E. S., Drabkin, A. S., Stashko, A. L., Broverman, S. A., Ogwang-Odhiambo, R. A., & Sikkema, K. J. (2012). Orphan status, HIV risk behavior, and mental health among adolescents in rural Kenya. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37(8), 868-878. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jss077

  • Ramagopal, G., Narasimhan, S., & Devi, L. U. (2016). Prevalence of depression among children living in orphanage. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 3(4), 1326-1328. https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20163670

  • Rapee, R. M. (2018). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Nature, development, tretment and prevention. In J. M. Rey (Ed.), IACAPAP e-Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health (pp. 1-20). International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions 2018.

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1997). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025751206600

  • Reynolds, W. (2003). Reynolds bully victimisation scales for schools. Harcourt Assessment.

  • Ruiz-Casares, M., Thombs, B. D., & Rousseau, C. (2009). The association of single and double orphanhood with symptoms of depression among children and adolescents in Namibia. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 18(6), 369-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0739-7

  • Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner´s guide to structural equation modeling. Routledge.

  • Sokol, J. T. (2009). Identity development throughout the lifetime: An examination of Eriksonian Theory. Graduate Journal of Counselling Psychology, 1(2). http://epublications.marquette.edu/gjcp

  • Steer, R., Kumar, G., Beck, A. T., & Beck, J. S. (2005). Dimensionality of the Beck Youth Inventories with child psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioural Assessment, 27(2), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-005-5386-9

  • Sukhodolsky, D. G., Kassinove, H., & Gorman, B. S. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anger in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9(3), 247-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2003.08.005

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Pearson.

  • Thastum, M., Ravn, K., Sommer, S., & Trillingsgaard, A. (2009). Reliability, validity and normative data for the Danish Beck Youth Inventories: Development and aging. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(1), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00690.x

  • Yaacob, M. J. (2006). Validity and reliability study of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in Seremban school children. Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 15(2), 35-39.

  • Yavuzer, Y., Karatas, Z., Civilidag, A., & Gundogdu, R. (2014). The role of peer pressure, automatic thoughts and self-esteem on adolescents’ aggression. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 54, 61-78. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2014.54.4