PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Piper sarmentosum, known as ‘kaduk’ has been traditionally used in different parts of the world to cure many diseases and ailments. It contains alkaloids and has been reported to possess many pharmacological properties like anti-cancer, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-tuberculosis, antioxidant, and antimalarial. This study aimed to evaluate the formulation of P. sarmentosum cream and exploring the antimicrobial properties in different types of cream formulation before in vivo study. The leaves extract of P. sarmentosum was obtained from the cold-soaked methanolic extraction method, evaporated, and dried to produce the powdered extract. Then, it was diluted into four different concentrations, 25% w/v, 50% w/v, 75% w/v, and 100% w/v for Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial screening. Based on the S. aureus antimicrobial screening, four types of creams were formulated (Cream A: cream base without Piper sarmentosum extract; Cream B: Piper sarmentosum extract (5%) only; Cream C: Piper sarmentosum extract (5%) with parabens preservatives; Cream D: Piper sarmentosum extract (5%) with vitamin E) and evaluated for their physical appearance, pH, stability study, and antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. As a result, 100% w/v concentration of the P. sarmentosum extract showed the highest result in the zone of inhibition (5.50 mm ± 0.03) towards S. aureus and was selected for cream formulation. In evaluating their physical appearance, all formulated creams showed high homogeneity and consistency with no phase separation and pH between 7.2 – 8.0 ± 0.07. On stability study, all creams with three different temperatures of 4°C, 27°C, and 37°C for 30 days show no colour changes, high homogeneity, and consistency with any phase separation. The results of antimicrobial screening for all formulated creams, show that Cream D has the highest zone of inhibition towards S. aureus (5.53 mm ± 0.25), followed by Cream C (4.43 mm ± 0.13). In conclusion, P. sarmentosum cream formulation showed high stability properties and possessed anti-microbial properties suggesting its potentials for wound healing cream.

• Ab Rahman, M. R., Abdul Razak, F., & Mohd Bakri, M. (2014). Evaluation of wound closure activity of Nigella sativa, Melastoma malabathricum, Pluchea indica, and Piper sarmentosum extracts on scratched monolayer of human gingival fibroblasts. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 190342. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/190342

• Allen, L. V. (2012). Basics of compounding: Implementing United States pharmacopeia chapter <795> pharmaceutical compounding – Nonsterile preparations, Part 4. International Journal Pharmacology Compound, 16(1), 64-68.

• Chanwitheesuk, A., Teerawutgulrag, A., Kilburn, J. D., & Rakariyatham, N. (2007). Antimicrobial gallic acid from Caesalpinia mimosoides Lamk. Food Chemistry, 100(3), 1044–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.11.008

• Chan, E. W. C., & Wong, S. K. (2014). Phytochemistry and pharmacology of three Piper species: An update. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 1(9), 534–544.

• Cushnie, T. P. T., & Lamb, A. J. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 26(5), 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002

• Dahlan, A., Yip, W. S., & Pin, K. Y. (2014). Formulation and characterization of an anti-bacterial cream using hempedu bumi (Andrographis paniculata). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(9), 3633–3640.

• Das, T., Debnath, J., Nath, B., & Dash, S. (2014). Formulation and evaluation of an herbal cream for wound healing activity. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(2), 693–697.

• Dixon, J. R.(1998). The international conference on harmonization good clinical practice guideline. Quality Assurance Journal, 6(2), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/105294199277860

• Fernandez, L., Daruliza, K., Sudhakaran, S., & Jegathambigai, R. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of crude extract of Piper sarmentosum against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera and Streptococcus pneumoniae. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 16(3), 105-111.

• Ghashghaei, S., & Emtiazi, G. (2013). Increasing the antibacterial activity of gentamicin in combination with extracted polyphosphate from Bacillus megaterium. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 114(5), 1264–1272. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12142

• Gidwani, B., Alaspure, R., Duragkar, N., Singh, V., Rao, S. P., Shukla, S., & Pawar, S. (2010). Evaluation of a novel herbal formulation in the treatment of eczema with Psoralea corylifolia. Iranian Journa of Dermatology, 13(4), 122-127.

• Karthigeyan, K., Sumathi, R., Jayanthi, J., Diwakar, P. G, & Lakra, G. S. (2004). Piper sarmentosum Roxb. — An addition to the flora of Andaman Islands. Current Science, 87(2), 141–142.

• Lattanzio, V., Lattanzio, V. M. T., & Cardinali, A. (2006). Role of phenolics in the resistance mechanisms of plants against fungal pathogens and insects. Phytochemistry: Advances in Research, 661(2), 23–67.

• Nayak, B. S., Sandiford, S., & Maxwell, A. (2009). Evaluation of the wound-healing activity of ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia L. leaf. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 6, 608202. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fecam%2Fnem127

• Obeidat, M., Shatnawi, M., Al-alawi, M., Al-Zu`bi, E., Al-Dmoor, H., Al-Qudah, M., El-Qudah, J., & Otri, I. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of some plant leaves. Research Journal of Microbiology, 7(1), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.3923/jm.2012.59.67

• Paudel, K. S., Milewski, M., Swadley, C. L., Brogden, N. K., Ghosh, P., & Stinchcomb, A. L. (2010). Challenges and opportunities in dermal/transdermal delivery. Therapeutic Delivery, 1(1), 109–131. https://doi.org/10.4155%2Ftde.10.16

• Rahman, N., Noor, K., Hlaing, K., Suhaimi K., Kutty M., & Sinor, M. (2011). Piper sarmentosum influences the oxidative stress involved in experimental diabetic rats. The Internet Journal of Herbal and Plant Medicine, 2(1), 1-8.

• Rain, N. (2005). In vitro screening of five local medicinal plants for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method. Tropical Biomedicine, 22(2), 165–170.

• Sahu, T., Patel, T., Sahu, S., & Gidwani, B. (2016). Skin cream as topical drug delivery system: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, 4(5), 149-154.

• Schmid-Wendtner, M.-H., & Korting, H. C. (2006). The pH of the skin surface and its impact on the barrier function. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 19(6), 296–302. https://doi.org/10.1159/000094670

• Syed, A. R. F., Sijam, K., Omar, D., Zafri, M., & Wahab, A. (2016). Identification of phenolic compounds and evaluation of antibacterial properties of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. against rice pathogenic bacteria. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 12(6), 475–484.

• Wong, P. Y. Y., & Kitts, D. D. (2006). Studies on the dual antioxidant and antibacterial properties of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) extracts. Food Chemistry, 97(3), 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.031