PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

The textile industry is one of the fastest-growing industries that significantly contribute to the economic growth in Malaysia. Dyeing wastewater is one of the more difficult to control in industrial wastewater. Methylene blue is a widely used dye in the textile industry, which cannot be discharged directly into the natural environment without treatment. The present study involves the degradation of methylene blue by a Fenton-like system using calcium peroxide (CaO₂, CP). The process of degradation was recorded spectrophotometrically. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were measured for testing the purchased commercial calcium peroxide. The effect of pH, the initial dosage of CaO₂, and temperatures were studied with kinetics modeling, respectively. The results indicated that 97.07% removal of methylene blue took place at the optimum condition (pH=3.0, initial CaO₂, dosage=3.0 g, 65°C, 150 rpm, contact time=60 minutes). Over four models (zero-order, first-order, second-order, Behnajady, Modirshahla, and Ghanbary (BMG) model) applied in this study, the BMG model with the R2=0.9935 was in accordance with the experimental data.

• Ameta, R., Kumar, D., & Jhalora, P. (2014). Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using calcium oxide. Acta Chimica & Pharmaceutica Indica, 4(1), 20-28.

• Behnajady, M. A., Modirshahla, N., & Ghanbary, F. (2007). A kinetic model for the decolorization of C.I. acid yellow 23 by Fenton process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 148(1-2), 98-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.02.003

• Cuerda-Correa, E. M., Alexandre-Franco, M. F., & Fernández-González, C. (2020). Advanced oxidation processes for the removal of antibiotics from water. An overview. Water, 12(1), Article 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010102

• Ebrahiem, E. E., Al-Maghrabi, M. N., & Mobarki, A. R. (2017). Removal of organic pollutants from industrial wastewater by applying photo-Fenton oxidation technology. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S1674-S1679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.06.012

• Emami, F., Tehrani-Bagha, A. R., Gharanjig, K., & Menger, F. M. (2010). Kinetic study of the factors controlling Fenton-promoted destruction of a non-biodegradable dye. Desalination, 257(1-3), 124-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.02.035

• Ertugay, N., & Acar, F. N. (2017). Removal of COD and color from direct blue 71 azo dye wastewater by Fenton’s oxidation: Kinetic study. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S1158-S1163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.009

• Fernandes, N. C., Brito, L. B., Costa, G. G., Taveira, S. F., Cunha-Filho, M. S. S., Oliveira, G. A. R., & Marreto, R. N. (2018). Removal of azo dye using Fenton and Fenton-like processes: Evaluation of process factors by Box–Behnken design and ecotoxicity tests. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 291, 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2018.06.003

• Girard, J. E. (2013). Principles of environmental chemistry (2nd Ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

• Hou, X., Shen, W., Huang, X., Ai, Z., & Zhang, L. (2016). Ascorbic acid enhanced activation of oxygen by ferrous iron: A case of aerobic degradation of rhodamine B. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 308, 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.031

• Katheresan, V., Kansedo, J., & Lau, S. Y. (2018a). Efficiency of various recent wastewater dye removal methods: A review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(4), 4676-4697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.06.060

• Katheresan, V., Kansedo, J., & Lau, S. Y. (2018b). Efficiency of various recent wastewater dye removal methods: A review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(4), 4676-4697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.06.060

• León, G., Miguel, B., Manzanares, L., Saavedra, M. I., & Guzmán, M. A. (2021). Kinetic study of the ultrasound effect on Acid Brown 83 dye degradation by hydrogen peroxide oxidation processes. ChemEngineering, 5(3), Article 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering5030052

• Liu, X. (2018). Progress in the mechanism and kinetics of Fenton reaction. MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences, 3(1), 10-14. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2018.03.00060

• Madan, S. S., Upwanshi W, A., & Wasewar, K. L. (2016). Adsorption of α-toluic acid by calcium peroxide nanoparticles. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(35), 16507-16513. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1079255

• Olyaie, E., Banejad, H., Afkhami, A., Rahmani, A., & Khodaveisi, J. (2012). Development of a cost-effective technique to remove the arsenic contamination from aqueous solutions by calcium peroxide nanoparticles. Separation and Purification Technology, 95, 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2012.04.021

• Pang, Y. L., & Abdullah, A. Z. (2013). Current status of textile industry wastewater management and research progress in malaysia: A review. Clean - Soil, Air, Water, 41(8), 751-764. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201000318

• Rashid, U., Soltani, S., Al-Resayes, S. I., & Nehdi, I. A. (2018). Metal oxide catalysts for biodiesel production. In Y. Wu (Ed.), Metal oxides in energy technologies (pp. 303-319). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811167-3.00011-0

• Santana, C. S., Ramos, M. D. N., Velloso, C. C. V., & Aguiar, A. (2019). Kinetic evaluation of dye decolorization by Fenton processes in the presence of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(9), Article 1602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091602

• Soltani, S., Khanian, N., Choong, T. S. Y., Asim, N., & Zhao, Y. (2021). Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of sulfonated TiO2-GO core–shell solid spheres as heterogeneous esterification mesoporous catalyst for biodiesel production. Energy Conversion and Management, 238(February), Article 114165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114165

• Soltani, S., Khanian, N., Choong, T. S. Y., Rashid, U., Nehdi, I. A., & Alobre, M. M. (2020). PEG-assisted microwave hydrothermal growth of spherical mesoporous Zn-based mixed metal oxide nanocrystalline: Ester production application. Fuel, 279(May), Article 118489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118489

• Soltani, S., Rashid, U., Nehdi, I. A., Al-Resayes, S. I., & Al-Muhtaseb, A. H. (2017). Sulfonated mesoporous zinc aluminate catalyst for biodiesel production from high free fatty acid feedstock using microwave heating system. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 70, 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.10.054

• Sun, Y., Lyu, S., Brusseau, M. L., Tang, P., Jiang, W., Gu, M., Li, M., Lyu, Y., Qiu, Z., & Sui, Q. (2019). Degradation of trichloroethylene in aqueous solution by nanoscale calcium peroxide in the Fe(II)-based catalytic environments. Separation and Purification Technology, 226(March), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.075

• Tran, M. H., Nguyen, H. C., Le, T. S., Dang, V. A. D., Cao, T. H., Le, C. K., & Dang, T. D. (2021). Degradation of glyphosate herbicide by an electro-Fenton process using carbon felt cathode. Environmental Technology (United Kingdom), 42(8), 1155-1164. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2019.1660411

• Trovó, A. G., Senivs, P., Palmiste, Ü., Sillanpää, M., & Tang, W. Z. (2016). Decolorization kinetics of acid blue 161 by solid peroxides catalyzed by iron in aqueous solution. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(41), 19344-19356. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1098573

• Wang, Q., Tian, S., Cun, J., & Ning, P. (2013). Degradation of methylene blue using a heterogeneous Fenton process catalyzed by ferrocene. Desalination and Water Treatment, 51(28-30), 5821-5830. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.763047

• Xu, X. R., Li, H. B., Wang, W. H., & Gu, J. D. (2004). Degradation of dyes in aqueous solutions by the Fenton process. Chemosphere, 57(7), 595-600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.030

• Yagub, M. T., Sen, T. K., Afroze, S., & Ang, H. M. (2014). Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: A review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 209, 172-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2014.04.002

• Yaseen, D. A., & Scholz, M. (2019). Textile dye wastewater characteristics and constituents of synthetic effluents: A critical review. In International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (Vol. 16, Issue 2). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2130-z

• Zhou, C., Gao, N., Deng, Y., Chu, W., Rong, W., & Zhou, S. (2012). Factors affecting ultraviolet irradiation/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) degradation of mixed N-nitrosamines in water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 231, 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.032