PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

The livestock industry is a significant anthropogenic source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to rapid development and intensified production systems. This study evaluated GHG emissions from a commercial broiler production system using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach from cradle to farm-gate and assessed carbon footprint mitigation strategies for poultry litter (PL) management. Three scenarios were compared: selling PL (farmer’s practice), composting, and conversion into biochar. The LCA model was developed in accordance with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines and aligned with national sustainability goals. From each production cycle, 63.97 tCO₂-eq were estimated per house, with the largest contributor from feed production, followed by energy expenditure. Carbon reduction was reported to be 25.79%, 13.21%, and 16.98% by selling PL, composting, and biochar conversion, respectively. In carbon hotspot analysis, feed processing and energy consumption were determined as the major contributors from the production. Although selling PL brought greater carbon mitigation, it shows the least sustainable waste management and environmental gains compared to compost and biochar. Future studies should assess the emissions from land-use change, composting, and biochar production to improve the accuracy of carbon footprint estimations. These findings provide a clearer guide to improve poultry waste management and encourage achievement of national net-zero emission goals.