PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Carbon emissions from fossil fuels significantly contribute to global warming. To mitigate these emissions, Electric Vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy stored in Energy Storage Systems (ESS) have been introduced to achieve net-zero carbon emissions. Various types of batteries, including Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion), Lead Acid (Pb-Acid), and Nickel Cadmium (NiCd), are used in EVs and ESS to meet the increasing demand. This article examines the effect of different battery profiles on the performance of batteries in ESS. The paper presents a simulation study of an EV charging system using MATLAB, incorporating a 600 V ESS battery with a 100 Ah capacity and an EV battery rated at 400 V and 50 Ah. The study explores the charging and discharging performance of Li-Ion, Pb-Acid, and NiCd batteries and investigates the impact of different battery connection arrangements and aging factors on battery performance. According to the findings, the state of charge (SOC), voltage, and current significantly influence battery charging and discharging performance. The results suggest that Li-Ion batteries with series-parallel connections outperform others, maintaining approximately 49.93% SOC with a minimal 0.07% drop after 10 seconds. Furthermore, aging batteries show a faster SOC decline, with Li-Ion batteries demonstrating the most stable performance across metrics. The research highlights that series-parallel Li-Ion configurations best support EV charging applications due to their efficiency and durability.

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