PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

 

e-ISSN 2231-8534
ISSN 0128-7702

Home / Regular Issue / JSSH Vol. 30 (4) Dec. 2022 / JSSH-8413-2021

 

Politicizing the Pandemic: COVID-19 and its Impact on the Nigerian Economy

John Shola Olanrewaju , Agaptus Nwozor and Abdulrahaman Abdulwasiu Ajibiloa

Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, Volume 30, Issue 4, December 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.30.4.04

Keywords: China, COVID-19, economy, international politics, Nigeria, pandemic, politicizing, United States of America

Published on: 15 December 2022

This study aims to examine the connection between international politics that characterized the outbreak of COVID-19, mainly between the United States of America and China and the devastating impact of the second wave outbreak on the Nigerian economy. At the initial stage of the pandemic on the Chinese mainland, the economy of China experienced a significant decline. The efficacy of China’s response to COVID-19 led to a fractional economic recovery during the pandemic. However, the internationalization of COVID-19 was greeted with a second wave in most advanced countries, such as the United States of America, Italy, and the United Kingdom, among others. The low level of preparedness and poor responses were comparably low in second-wave countries compared to China. It also examines the failure of the United States of America and China to develop a global health framework against COVID-19, as well as the Blame Game Politics that eventually played out. The politics of shifting blame between the United States of America and China, coupled with poor responses against COVID-19 in most Western countries, culminated in a devastating outbreak in low-income countries. Nigeria’s COVID-19 experience severely affected the critical sectors of the economy. However, this awkward situation has heightened Nigeria’s status as a major economic victim of the pandemic in Africa. The study utilized primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data were generated through the utility of Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and the secondary data were generated from textbooks, journal articles, and web-based materials. The data generated were analyzed using the logic induction method and thematic analysis. The study recommends rejigging the Nigerian economic framework and improving revenues through an Agro-based economy.

  • Aborisade, S. (2020, June 12). Experts doubt implementation as senate passes 10.8tn revised budget. Punch. https://punchng.com/experts-doubt-implementation-as-senate-passes-n10-8tn-revised-budget/

  • Adebulu, T. (2020, June 12). Exclusive: We don’t have $200m to settle sunrise over Mambilla. TheCable. https://www.thecable.ng/exclusive-we-dont-have-200m-to-settle-sunrise-over-mambilla-buhari-tells-malami/amp

  • Allas, T., Canal, M., & Hunt, V. D. (2020). COVID-19 in the United Kingdom: Assessing jobs at risk and the impact on people and places. Mckinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/covid-19-in-the-united-kingdom-assessing-jobs-at-risk-and-the-impact-on-people-and-place

  • Arthur, A. S. (1980). The politics of linkage: World politics. The Trustee of Princeton University Press.

  • Artkinson, A. (2020, April 14). UK economy could shrink 35% this quarter if lockdown persists. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-14/u-k-economy-could-shrink-by-35-in-second-quarter-obr-says

  • Arun, S. (2021). The international politics of COVID-19 vaccines: How did we reach here. Delhi Policy Group. https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/policy-briefs/the-international-politics-of-covid-19-vaccines-how-did-we-reach-here.html

  • Asu, F. (2020, June 25). Nigeria faces worst recession in 40 years. Punch. https://punchng.com/breaking-nigeria-faces-worst-recession-in-40-years-world-bank/

  • Barro, R. J., Jose F. U., & Joanna, W. (2020). The Coronavirus and the great Influenza pandemic: Lessons from the Spanish flu for the coronavirus’ potential effects on mortality and economic activity (Working Paper of Economic Research, No 26866). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w26866

  • Bick, A., & Blandin, A. (2020). Real time labour market estimates during the 2020 Coronavirus outbreak. Arizona State University Press. https://voxeu.org/article/real-time-labour-market-estimates-during-2020-coronavirus-outbreak

  • Brian, K. (2020, June 12). 25% of people believe unproven conspiracy theory about COVID-19. Health News. https://www.healthline.com/health.news/people-believe-unproven-conspiracy-theories-about-covid-19

  • Catro, M. F. (2020). Fiscal policy during a pandemic (Working Paper No 2020-006e). Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis. https://ideas.repec.org/p/fip/fedlwp/87616.html

  • China-Africa Research Initiative. (2021). How Africa borrows from China: And why Mombasa Port is not collateral for Kenya’s standard gauge (Policy Brief, No. 62/2022). China Africa Research Initiative (CARI), School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), Johns Hopkins University.

  • Colarossi, J. (2020, July 10). Why withdrawing the United States from the WHO “is a terrible decision”. The Brink. http://bu.edu/article/2020/why-withdrawing-the-united-states-from-the-who-is-a terrible-decision/

  • Dworkin, S. L (2012). Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 41, 1319-1320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-0016-6

  • Evstatieva, M. (2020, July 10). Anatomy of A COVID-19 conspiracy theory. NPR. https://www.npr.org./2020/07/10/889037310/anatomy-of-a-covid-19-conspiracy-theory?ft=nprml&f=889037310

  • Fang, H., Long W., & Yang, Y. (2020). Human mobility restrictions and the spread of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCOV) in China. Journal of Public Economics, 191, 104272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104272

  • Femi, A. (2020, July 10). Nigeria, others may Suffer $189.7 billion GDP loss over COVID-19. The Guardian. https://t.guardian.ng/news/nigeria-others-may-suffer-189-7-billion-gdp-loss-over-covid-19/

  • Gebreyes, A. W., Cement, J., Newport, J. M., Celso, J. B., Oliveira, L. S., Schlesinger, Y. M., Kariuki, S. S., Salf, J. L., Saville, T. W., Ouessy, A. S., Tekola, B. R., Bisesi, T. M., Boonmar, P. S., & King, J. L. (2014). The global one health paradigm: Challenges and opportunities for tackling infectious diseases at the human, animal, and environmental interface in low-resource settings. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(11), e3257. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003257

  • Hajj 2020. (2020, June 23). Economic impact of the Saudi ban on international pilgrims. TRT WORLD. https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/hajj-2020-the-economic-impact-of-the-saudi-ban-on-international-pilgrims-37520

  • Halkett, K. (Writer), & Al Anstey. (Director). (2020, July 20). Global update on COVID-19 (Season5, Episode 3) (TV series episode). In I. Musa (Executive Producer), Aljezerranews.

  • Igomu, T. (2020, June 13). 10 countries account for 80% of COVID-19 cases in Africa. Punch. https://healthwise.punchng.com/10-countries-account-for-80-of-covid-19-cases-in-africa-who/

  • IMF. (2020, June 24). COVID-19 crisis sinks global economy in 2020 collapsing GDP 4.9 %. Channels Television Online News. https://www.channelstv.com/2020/06/24/covid-crisis-sinks-global-economy-in-2020-collapsing-gdp-4-9-imf/

  • Li, J. (2020, April 17). The Coronavirus outbreak might be nearly over in China but economic hardship is not. Quartz. https://qz.com/1839062/china-gdp-contracts-6-8-percent-in-first-quarter-due-to-coronavirus/

  • Mangiarotti, S., Peyre, M., Zhang, Y., Huc, M., Roger, F., & Kerr, Y. (2020). Chaos theory applied to the outbreak of COVID-19: An ancillary approach to decision making in pandemic context. Cambridge University Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7231667/

  • Mayowa, T. (2020, June 16). 10m jobs in one year, 2.3trn stimulus, national carrier… Osinbajo’s master plan for COVID-19 recession. The Cable. https://www.thecable.ng/10m-jobs-in-one-year-n2-3trn-stimulus-national-carrier-osinbajos-master-plan-for-covid-19-recession

  • Mendoza, J. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Brazil-statistics in Brazil – Statistics & facts. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/6168/coronavirus-covid-19-in-brazil/#topicHeader_wrapper

  • Miller, K. (2022, January 13). Can you get Omicron and Delta COVID-19 variants at the same time? Here’s what to know. Health. https:/www.health.com/condition/infectious-diseases/coronavirus/can-you-get-omicron-delta-covid-variants-same-time

  • Mongey, S., & Weinberg, A. (2020). Characteristics of workers in low work-from home and high personal-proximity occupations. University of Becker Friedman Institute for Economics White Paper. https://bfi.uchicago.edu/working-paper/characteristics-of-workers-in-low-work-from-home-and-high-personal-proximity-occupations/

  • NCDC. (2020). COVID-19 Nigeria. https://covid19.ncdc.gov.ng/#1!

  • Nwozor, A., Olanrewaju, J. S., Oshewolo, S., Oladoyin, A., Adedire, S., & Onjefu, O. (2021). Herder- farmer conflict: The politicization of violence and evolving security measures in Nigeria. African Security, 14(1), 55-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2021.1901181

  • Ogunfuwa, I. (2020, June 21). Nigeria’s FDI dips 48% amid weak oil demand. Punch. https://punchng.com/nigerias-fdi-dips-48-amid-weak-oil-demand-report/-fdi-dips48-amid-weak-oil-demand-report/

  • Okechukwu, N. (2020a, July 1). Nigeria, other African oil exporters’ lose $34bn. Punch. https://headtopics.com/ng/nigeria-other-africa-oil-exporters-II-lose-34bn-imf-14032871.

  • Okechukwu, N. (2020b, July 3). Nigeria’s debt profile hits 28.63trn. Punch. https://punchng.com/nigerias-debt-profile-hits-n28-63tn/

  • Olalekan, A. (2020, June 12). 39.4 million may be jobless before year end. Punch. https://punchng.com/39-4-million-may-be-jobless-before-year-end-says-fg/

  • Oyero, K. (2020, June 10). 43% of world poor people live in Nigeria, two other countries. Punch. https://punchng.com/43-of-worlds-poor-people-live-in-nigeria-two-others-world-bank/

  • Rosamond, H. (2020). The economic effects of COVID-19 around the world. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/coronavirus-economic-effects-global-economy-trade-travel/

  • Rosenau, J. N. (1969). Towards the study of National-International linkage. In J. N. Rosenau (Ed.), Linkage politics. New York Free Press.

  • Shaban, A. R. A. (2020, July 29). Africa COVID-19 stats: 874,036 cases, 18,498 deaths, 524,557 recoveries. Africanews. https://www.africanews.com/2020/07/29/coronavirus-in-africa-breakdown-of-infected-virus-free-countries/

  • Shang, Y., Li, H., & Zhang, R. (2020). Effect of pandemic outlook on economies: Evidence from business history context. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 632043. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.202

  • Slotta, D. (2022). China’s foreign exchange reserves 2008-2021. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/278206/foreign-exchange-reserves-of-china/

  • Smriti, M. (2020, May 18). Animal source of the Coronavirus continues to elude scientists. Nature. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32427902/

  • The World Bank. (2020, June 25). Nigeria faces worst recession in four decades. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/06/25/nigerias-economy-faces-worst-recession-in-four-decades-says-new-world-bank-report

  • UNEP. (2016). UN environmental annual report 2016. https://www.unep.org/annualreport/2016/index.php

  • UNEP. (2021). 1st draft of the post-2020 Global biodiversity framework. https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/1st-draft-post-2020-global-biodiversity-framework

  • UNICEF. (2021). What you need to know about COVID-19 vaccines. https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/what-you-need-to-know-covid-vaccine

  • Walker, A. (2020, February 6). Coronavirus: The economic cost is rising in China and beyond. BBC NEWS. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51386575

  • WHO. (2020). United States of America: Partner in global health. https://www.who.int/about/funding/contributors/usa

  • WHO Africa. (2020). A second COVID-19 case is confirmed in Africa. https://www.afro.who.int/news/second-covid-19-case-confirmed-africa

  • World Economic Forum. (2020). The economic effects of COVID-19 around the World. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/coronavirus-economic-effects-global-economy-trade-travel/

  • Worldometers. (2020). Covid-19 coronavirus pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/

  • Writer, S. (2020, June 23). South Africa’s unemployment rate climbs to 30.1. Businesstech. https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/409897/south-africas-unemployment-rate-climbs-to-30-1/

  • WTO. (2020, June 23). Global trade set to shrink 18.5% in Q2 defying worst fears. Channels Television Online News. https://www.channelstv.com/2020/06/23/global-trade-set-to-shrink-18-5-in-q2-defying-worst-fears-wto/